Publications

The CO₂ Storage Resource Catalogue is a pioneering initiative to accelerate the deployment of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCS) by supporting the consistent evaluation of storage resources.

This report, authored by Pale Blue Dot Energy, details the findings of the first assessment for CO₂ Storage Resource Catalogue.

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The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

The 2019 Global Status of CCS report documents important milestones for CCS over the past 12 months, its status across the world and the key opportunities and benefits the technology presents.

The report provides detailed information on, and analyses of, the global CCS facility pipeline, policy, CO₂ storage and the legal and regulatory environment. In addition, four regional updates and a CCS Technology section further demonstrate global development and the versatility of CCS across a variety of applications and industry sectors.

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The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

The Global Status of CCS Report 2018 documents the status of CCS around the world and significant operational milestones over the past 12 months. It demystifies common misunderstandings about the technology and identifies where and how it can, and must, be more widely deployed. It also tracks the worldwide progress of CCS technologies and the key opportunities and challenges CCS faces.

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Disclaimer

The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

The Global CCS Institute is supporting the development of the CarbonNet Project through a series of reports and enable the sharing of knowledge throughout its development. The CarbonNet Project is in its feasibility phase and planning the development of a hub-based network that will centre on a large capacity pipeline to deep, secure storage sites, offshore Victoria, Australia. The Project is planning to store up to 125 million tonnes over 25 years in the Gippsland Basin.

The Gippsland Basin holds world class geologic formations for CO₂ storage with multiple 100-150m thick, multi-Darcy, clean quartz-dominated sands, overlain by thick caprocks. The ideal geologic conditions means that the CO₂ will be mobile and enable accurate plume prediction modelling which is critical during this phase of CarbonNet's site characterisation. Moreover, in Australia storage regulations require plume path predictions with more than 10 per cent probability, that is 90% confidence of the CO₂ plume's movement throughout the project’s lifecycle. Because of the petroleum industry’s decades of experience in modelling and probabilistic analysis, CarbonNet has been able to adapt this expertise for CO₂ storage modelling in the Gippsland Basin.

The modelling focussed on a large anticlinal structure in the near shore Gippsland Basin, with an injection point down dip from the crest of the structure. The modelling and probabilistic analysis found that the variations in input data for porosity, permeability and residual gas saturation strongly affect the horizontal and lateral movement of the plume in the formations. The simulation modelling was completed over seven time frames from 10 years through to 300 years after injection commences. The analysis found that after the injection of 125 million tonnes, the CO₂ plume migrated into the anticlinal structure but never moved outside the structure. CarbonNet's CO₂ plume modelling methodology enables a quantified plume path uncertainty analysis both laterally (i.e. map view) and vertical extent (cross-section), offering 3D understanding of plume containment. This report confirms that containment can be demonstrated with an appropriate high level of regulatory and public confidence.

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Disclaimer

The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

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Disclaimer

The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

The perception of an effective enforcement regime that ensures the secure and safe storage of CO₂ in underground geologic formations will be crucial in increasing public and industry confidence in carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a viable low-carbon technology.

An effective enforcement regime for underground storage of CO₂ has the following key features:

• Comprehensive obligations that address the key risks of underground storage of CO₂
• Comprehensive monitoring and verification (M&V) requirements, including baseline monitoring, M&V obligations during the injection phase and M&V obligations post-injection
• Enforcement mechanisms that are risk-based, layered and flexible, grounded in science and fact-based decision-making, and include the ability to deal with 'serious situations' (such as unintended releases and CO₂ not behaving as predicted)
• A clear allocation of roles and responsibilities for enforcement.

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Disclaimer

The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

The primary purpose of the Institute’s Global Storage Portfolio is to collate and summarise published regional assessments of key nations. The Portfolio also summarises key data on a nation’s readiness to host a commercial, large-scale project. For this reason, only proven storage scenarios including deep saline formations (DSF), depleted/depleting oil and gas fields (DGOF) and enhanced oil recovery using CO₂ (CO2-EOR) are considered. The analysis has found that:

• Substantial storage resources are present in most key regions of the world.
• Reliable methodologies to determine and classify regional storage resources are available and have been widely applied, although there is no formally recognised international standard.
• The level of resource assessment undertaken and the availability of characterisation data is highly variable across regions.
• The level of detail a regional resource assessment has progressed as well as the policy, legal and regulatory frameworks are key criteria that can be used to gauge the readiness of any given nation to deploy a CCS project.

The storage resources are grouped into five regions:

1. Asia-Pacific (fourteen countries)
2. Americas (five countries)
3. Middle East (three countries)
4. Europe and Russia (EU plus three countries)
5. Africa (four countries).

​The resulting portfolio will enable the reader to rapidly establish a snapshot of a country’s storage resource and potential to deploy a large-scale project.

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Disclaimer

The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

Geochemical and geomechanical testing of near wellbore CO₂ injectivity improvement project encompassed three key parts, discussed in this report, aimed at supporting Australian CO₂ geosequestration field demonstration and commercial projects.

Lab experiments were conducted on archived and fresh cores from the target formations of the Wandoan CCS project in the Surat Basin, Queensland and Berea Sandstone supplied by ANLEC R&D for the purpose of benchmarking of permeability results across related ANLEC R&D projects.

Geomechanical tests provided the basis for stress/permeability relationships.

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Disclaimer

The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

openCCS is the handbook for delivering CCS projects brought to you by the Global CCS Institute. It has been built to guide you through the key processes and steps needed to deliver each component of an integrated CCS project. It’s a platform for sharing methodologies, best practices and lessons learnt from experience.

The Storage Section of the openCCS handbook contains:

Site Screening Studies

• Define screening basis
• Develop screening plan
• Review available data and identify potential sites
• Estimate capacity and level of uncertainty
• Shortlist storage sites

Site Assessment Studies

• Obtain exploration permit
• Define selection basis and develop selection plan
• Acquire data, test, analyse, rank risks
• Select site and engineering concept

Site Selection Studies

• Specify performance targets
• Prepare CO₂ storage development plan
• Evaluate compliance with regulations and qualification goal
• Obtain storage permit

Design and (Initial) Construct

• Select construction contractor and delivery approach for (initial) storage assets (i.e. EPC)
• Complete the design detail for building the (initial) storage assets (i.e. wells, feeder piping)
• Build the organisation and systems to manage the storage assets
• Build the (initial) transport asset
• On time
• On budget
• To scope and quality
• Commission the (initial) storage assets to operating state

Operate (Remaining Construct)

• Operate the storage assets to achieve required performance over asset life
• Develop plan for permit review/re-qualification
• Reassess risks
• Adjust performance targets
• Adjust CO₂ storage development plan
• Storage permit renewal
• Complete the design detail for building the (remaining) storage assets (i.e. wells, feeder piping)
• Select construction contractor and delivery approach for (remaining) storage assets (i.e. EPC)

Close

• Assess if conditions for site closure have been met
• Define closure basis
• Develop closure plan
• Update storage performance forecast and environmental impact assessment
• Obtain certificate of fitness for closure
• Initiate decommissioning
• Transfer of responsibility for site

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Disclaimer

The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

Here we consider the legal implications of transporting CO₂ across international boundaries, for storage in marine environments, and more specifically, how CO₂ transport for storage is dealt with in the European, UK and Canadian contexts.

1. International transboundary transport regulation for CO₂ storage
Transport of CO₂ is necessary when a suitable storage site is not close to the capture installation. During the transport phase, international law is relevant when CO₂ crosses the territory of different states in order to reach the storage site. The Bamako Convention and the Basel Convention address this issue: 

• Bamako Convention
• Basel Convention

2. CO₂ transport for storage and international marine legislation
International marine legislation has an impact upon the legal conditions for development of CCS offshore:

• UNCLOS
• London Protocol

3. European and regional legislation on CO₂ transport and storage
In a regional context, such as the European Union, transnational regulation of the transport phase is essential when CO₂ is transported across the territory of different Member States in order to reach a storage site. The following legislation covers this:

• CCS Directive
• European Standards
• UNECE
  • Espoo Convention

4. UK laws regulating CO₂ transport for storage
In the UK at present no legislation that expressly regulates CO₂ transport by pipeline. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) have suggested CO₂ be classified as a 'dangerous substance' or a 'dangerous fluid' and legislated accordingly.

5. Canadian laws regulating CO₂ transport for storage
​In Canada, there is no dedicated legislation regarding CO₂ pipelines, either at federal or provincial level. Existing CO₂ pipelines operate for the purpose of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or acid gas disposal and are covered by existing pipeline legislation.

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Disclaimer

The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

Onshore CO₂ storage legal resources considers the legislation and associated issues relating to onshore CO₂ storage in Europe and Australia.

1. European waste legislation and onshore CO₂ storage
This section considers the fundamental question of whether CCS processes and captured CO₂ falls within the scope of EU waste legislation, and if so, what the implications would then be. Specifically we look at:

• Transfrontier Shipment of Waste Regulation
• Waste Framework Directive

2. European water legislation and onshore CO₂ storage
Here we look at European water legislation and its relationship to CCS activities including: 

• Groundwater Directive
• Water Framework Directive

3. Australian onshore regulation
Here we consider how CO₂ storage is dealt with at a federal and state level in Australia. At a state level we consider the state of Victoria, that enacted The Victorian Greenhouse Gas Geological Sequestration Act 2008 (No. 61 of 2008) which provides a dedicated legal framework enabling the onshore injection and permanent storage of greenhouse gas substances.

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Disclaimer

The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.

Offshore CO₂ storage legal resources covers activities relating to offshore CO₂ storage in specific regions.

1. International marine legislation
This section looks specifically at current international marine legislation that may have a bearing upon the legality of CCS activities including:

• London Convention
• London Protocol
• UNCLOS

2. European offshore CO₂ storage 
Here we look at legislation that relates specifically to the European marine environment, namely the North East Atlantic and North Sea:

• Marine Strategy Framework Directive
• OSPAR Convention
• Offshore provisions of Directive 2009/31/EC

3. UK offshore CO₂ storage
This section looks specifically at the UK regulatory framework and the enactment of the Energy Act 2008, which is a framework for the licensing, enforcement and registration of CCS. 

4. Australian offshore CO₂ storage
Here we consider the regulatory framework created by the Australian Government for offshore CO₂ storage based on amendments to existing petroleum legislation. 

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Disclaimer

The content within the Global CCS Institute Publications, Reports and Research Library is provided for information purposes only. We make every effort and take reasonable care to keep the content of this section up-to-date and error-free. However, we make no claim as to its accuracy, currency or reliability.

Content and material featured within this section of our website includes reports and research published by third parties. The content and material may include opinions and recommendations of third parties that do not reflect those held by the Global CCS Institute.